別在意行政院怎麼說,這些官方機構的研究如果能當重要參考資料的話,
我們就不必在這裡討論了,靠他們就夠了。我在這裡提出我的看法,
主要是南亞語。有幾組同源詞值得探討:
1. tam(或dam)-很明顯這是閩南語tam沾濕的來源:
Riang [Sak] tam¹ to soak (rice, clothes, etc.) Luc1964:C:RS-460
Vietnamese [Hanoi] đẫm, đầm-[đìa] to be soaked Sho2006:C:1355a-1
→ deriv Sho2006:R:1355a.A Khasi pdem to soak, steep, ferment Sho2006:C:1355a-3
Vietnamese [Hanoi] tẩm to soak, marinate Sho2006:C:1419-2 via *səm[ ]-s (multi-entry)
Sedang tam soak (verb) Smi2000:C:2428
Thavung tɐ̀m² ("tremper, to soak") Fer2xx7:C:713-2
這組同源詞洪惟仁已經在書上說過,大概也是別人找出來的。
2. ram(有很多前綴t最常見,南亞資料庫認為tram是上面tam的來源,其實不是)
-看起來像淋的來源,但是我認為不是:
Kui tram to soak (in order to soften, or before washing) Pra1978:C:Sid2005~267-1
Souei ntra̤m to soak Fer1974a:C:Sid2005~267-2
Ngeq trʌm to soak Smi1976:C:Sid2005~267-4
→ deriv Sho2006:R:1384.B Bahnar hraːm to soak, wet Sho2006:C:1384-17
Sedang hra̰m soak (verb) Smi2000:C:2426
Khmer rɔloam រលាំ to be soaked, saturated, drenched; wet through and through (adj) Hea1997:C:11054
Surin Khmer rhaːm soaking wet (with tears or blood) Dha1978:C:1764
Chong [Samre] ʨɹam to soak Por2001:C:1651-4
Chong [of Chantaburi] kram to soak Sir2001:C:1651-5
3. jam(或jom,ɲam,ɲom,ɟam等)-很明顯這是染字的來源
→ deriv Sho2006:R:1337.B Bahnar ɲɯːm to soak, dye Sho2006:C:1337-4 contaminated by 1330 *juum moist, swampy via *pnjuum ?
Sedang ʔɲam blot, dip, soak up (verb) Smi2000:C:314
Pacoh ʄɯm dyứm dye, dip, soak (v) Wat2009:C:2182
Khmer pcoam ភ្ជាំ to dye, soak / saturate in a dye solution (v) Hea1997:C:9562 <- 懷疑
Khmu [Cuang] rmɟam container for soaking rice grain (noun) Suw2002:C:1336
Khmu [Cuang] ɟam soak rice (verb sentence) Suw2002:C:1182
→ deriv Sho2006:R:1337.C Stieng [Biat] ɲɔːm to colour, dye, blacken Sho2006:C:1337-7 ? via *pnjuəm
Riang [Sak] jɔːm² to dye Luc1964:C:RS-312
Bahnar [Pleiku] ɲɨɨm nhưm to dye Ban1979:C:2556-1
Nyah Kur [Central] jɔ̀ɔm dye The1984:C:1104-1
Palaung ɲɔm nyǭm stain; to dye Mil1931:C:1556
其實這三組同源詞,原來的意思都差不多,大概是soak。
不過在不同的語系會有不同的演變,如第二個,應該就是藍字的來源:
Khmer trom ត្រុំ indigo; indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria) (n) Hea1997:C:5013
Surin Khmer kraːm indigo (the substance); to be indigo-colored Dha1978:C:1358
Nyah Kur [Central] khràam Indigofera tinctoria (indigo plant) The1984:C:1221-1
Siamese: gra:m.A
漢語的藍,是沒有前綴的ram。
第三組詞,原本應該是jam~jom(南亞變成ɲ是一種普遍的演變)
,應該也是soak,dye是衍伸意。漢語和侗台和南亞普遍變成dye意:
Siamese: jɔ:m.C
Longzhou Zhuang: jo:m.4
Bouyei (Po-ai): jum.4
Lingam Sui: ʔjam.3
Mak: ńum.4
似乎也劇烈地變成indigo
proto Vietic *ɟaːm "indigo, indigo" Fer2xx7:R:732
Vietnamese [Hanoi] chàm ("indigo, indigo") Fer2xx7:C:732-6
也有變成black意:
Mương yòm black Wilson 1966; Barker 1966 209 Sho2006:C:1337-6
Palaung yəm to be black, swarthy Sho2006:C:1337-16
Mal ɲam black, dark blue Fil2009:C:192
Thavung ɲûm black (adjectival verb) Suw2000:C:1177 |