怎麼還有人只拿著韻書做漢語研究。請常常查StarLing和南亞語資料庫吧!
StarLing的Kam-sui資料庫裡有:
Proto-Kam-Sui: < 雞 *kē
Proto-Kam-Sui (Thurg.): *ka:i.5
Meaning: chicken
Thai-Kadai etymology:
Mulam: ci.1
Kam (Southern Dong): ʔa:i.5
Then: ka:i.5
Maonan: ka:i.5
Standard Sui: qa:i.5
Lingam Sui: qa:i.5
Mak: ka:i.5
Jinhua: ka:i.5
References: L: 188; T: 210; TKL: 175.
這明顯是漢語雞的來源,StarLing顛倒成從漢語來的借詞,聲調有些不太對。
查南亞語資料庫,Vietic區有:
proto Vietic *r-kaː "poulet, chicken" Fer2xx7:R:92
Malieng ukaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-1
Malieng [Kha Pong] kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-2
Malieng [Maleng Bro] kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-3
Arem lakæː ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-4
Chứt [Sách] təkaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-5
Chứt [Rục] təkaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-6
Thavung kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-7
Thavung [Phon Soung] kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-8
Proto Pong *kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-9
Pong kaː ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-10
Pong [Phong] kaː ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-11
Pong [Toum] kaː ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-12
Pong [Liha] kaː ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-13
Tho [Cuoi Cham] kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-14
Tho [Lang Lo] ɣaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-15
Muong [Hoa Binh] kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-16
Muong [Son La] kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-17
Muong [Thanh Hoa] kaː¹ ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-18
Muong [Bi] kaː¹ ca ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-19
Vietnamese [Vinh] ga ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-20
Vietnamese gà ("poulet, chicken") Fer2xx7:C:92-21
Thavung kâː chicken (noun) Suw2000:C:338
Thavung kâː mahîː forest chicken (noun) Suw2000:C:342
聲調對了。不只Vietic,Surin Khmer亦作
Surin Khmer rkaː chicken, cock (year of the) Dha1978:C:1074
我認為這個詞可能和雞鳴有關:
proto Vietic *t-karʔ "chanter (coq), to sing (cock)" Fer2xx7:R:488
Malieng təkaɯ³ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-1
Arem ikalʔ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-2
Chứt [Sách] təkal³ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-3
Chứt [Rục] təkal³ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-4
Proto Pong *kal³ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-5
Pong kal ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-6
Pong [Toum] kal ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-7
Pong [Liha] kan ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-8
Tho [Cuoi Cham] kal³ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-9
Tho [Lang Lo] kan³ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-10
Muong [Hoa Binh] kaə³ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-11
Muong [Son La] kal³ ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-12
Vietnamese gáy ("chanter (coq), to sing (cock)") Fer2xx7:C:488-13
以上的詞是否和漢語歌字同源,暫且保留。
再來我們查StarLing的Kam-sui資料庫裡有:
Proto-Kam-Sui: *kup < ?
Proto-Kam-Sui (Thurg.): *kup.7
Meaning: field frog
Mulam: kǝp.7
Kam (Southern Dong): ǝp.7
Maonan: kǝp.7
Standard Sui: qup.7
Mak: kwap.7
References: T: 212; TKL: 176.
以上明顯是閩南語及一些漢語方言的kap的來源。
Proto-Kam-Sui:
Proto-Kam-Sui (Thurg.): *k-wai.3
Meaning: frog
Mulam: kwai.3
Maonan: kwai.3
References: T: 212.
以上明顯和漢語蛙字同源,它跟雞*ka:i音相近,所以有些方言很早就混同。
為了分別起見,遂發明田雞,水雞,石雞等說法,其實都是蛙的發音。
蛙雞長得一點都不像,怎麼可能會分不清楚呢?別相信什麼蛙肉吃起來
像雞肉的說法,同音才是唯一合理的解釋。其實以上都應該是狀聲詞,
不同的語言對於雞蛙的狀聲詞並不相同,但是這種狀聲詞是跨越語言分類的:
Khmer kɑŋkaep កង្កែប frog(including members of the genera Rana and Megalophrys); term for aChinese Type 72 anti-personnel mine; (so called because of the chirpingnoise it makes just before it explodes) (n) Hea1997:C:71
Khmer koop - koop កូបៗ cry of a frog (i) Hea1997:C:658
Mlabri kuukwap frog (species lives in forest) Ris1995:C:788
Khmu [Cuang] kop frog (noun) Suw2002:C:625
Thavung kɔ́p frog (noun) Suw2000:C:569
一般南亞語的蛙多作kVt,不過這些方言卻有點像Kam-sui。
所以不要被方言分類所蒙蔽,研究語言心中不要有分類,
不論所謂漢語、非漢語,侗台、南亞、苗瑤、藏緬、突厥、蒙古、通古斯。
都該一併作研究才是正途。
[ 本帖最後由 劉志宏 於 2009-10-4 16:46 編輯 ] |